推荐阅读：道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟(douglasmacarthur)，美国陆军五星上将。出生于阿肯色州小石城的军人世家。1899年中学毕业后考入西点军校，1903年以名列第一的优异成绩毕业，到工程兵部队任职，并赴菲律宾执勤。麦克阿瑟有过50年的军事实践经验，被美国国民称之为“一代老
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟(douglasmacarthur)，美国陆军五星上将。出生于阿肯色州小石城的军人世家。1899年中学毕业后考入西点军校，1903年以名列第一的优异成绩毕业，到工程兵部队任职，并赴菲律宾执勤。麦克阿瑟有过50年的军事实践经验，被美国国民称之为“一代老兵”，而其自身的又曾是“美国最年轻的准将、西点军校最年轻的校长、美国陆军历史上最年轻的陆军参谋长”，凭借精妙的军事谋略和敢战敢胜的胆略，麦克阿瑟堪称美国战争史上的奇才。提起这句话：“老兵永远不死，只会慢慢凋零”（oldsoldiersneverdie,theyjustfadeaway），就不由得想起那个叼着玉米棒子烟斗的麦克阿瑟，和他在1951年4月19日被解职后在国会大厦发表的题为《老兵不死》著名演讲。我即将结束五十二年的军旅生涯。我从军是在本世纪开始之前，而这是我童年的希望与梦想的实现。自从我在西点军校的教练场上宣誓以来，这个世界已经过多次变化，而我的希望与梦想早已消逝，但我仍记着当时最流行的一首军歌词，极为自豪地宣示“老兵永远不死，只会慢慢凋零”。iamclosingmy52yearsofmilitaryservice.whenijoinedthearmy,evenbeforetheturnofthecentury,itwasthefulfillmentofallofmyboyishhopesanddreams.theworldhasturnedovermanytimessinceitooktheoathontheplainatwestpoint,andthehopesanddreamshavelongsincevanished,butistillremembertherefrainofoneofthemostpopularbarrackballadsofthatdaywhichproclaimedmostproudlythat"oldsoldiersneverdie;theyjustfadeaway."就像这首歌中的老兵，一位想尽一已之责的老兵，而上帝也赐予光辉使他能看清这一项责任，而我现在结束了军旅生涯，而逐渐凋谢。andliketheoldsoldierofthatballad,inowclosemymilitarycareerandjustfadeaway,anoldsoldierwhotriedtodohisdutyasgodgavehimthelighttoseethatduty.演讲全文：macarthur:farewelladdresstocongressmr.president,mr.speaker,anddistinguishedmembersofthecongress:istandonthisrostrumwithasenseofdeephumilityandgreatpride--humilityintheweightofthosegreatamericanarchitectsofourhistorywhohavestoodherebeforeme;prideinthereflectionthatthishomeoflegislativedebaterepresentshumanlibertyinthepurestformyetdevised.herearecenteredthehopesandaspirationsandfaithoftheentirehumanrace.idonotstandhereasadvocateforanypartisancause,fortheissuesarefundamentalandreachquitebeyondtherealmofpartisanconsideration.theymustberesolvedonthehighestplaneofnationalinterestifourcourseistoprovesoundandourfutureprotected.itrust,therefore,thatyouwilldomethejusticeofreceivingthatwhichihavetosayassolelyexpressingtheconsideredviewpointofafellowamerican.iaddressyouwithneitherrancornorbitternessinthefadingtwilightoflife,withbutonepurposeinmind:toservemycountry.theissuesareglobalandsointerlockedthattoconsidertheproblemsofonesector,oblivioustothoseofanother,isbuttocourtdisasterforthewhole.whileasiaiscommonlyreferredtoasthegatewaytoeurope,itisnolesstruethateuropeisthegatewaytoasia,andthebroadinfluenceoftheonecannotfailtohaveitsimpactupontheother.therearethosewhoclaimourstrengthisinadequatetoprotectonbothfronts,thatwecannotdivideoureffort.icanthinkofnogreaterexpressionofdefeatism.ifapotentialenemycandividehisstrengthontwofronts,itisforustocounterhiseffort.thecommunistthreatisaglobalone.itssuccessfuladvanceinonesectorthreatensthedestructionofeveryothersector.youcannotappeaseorotherwisesurrendertocommunisminasiawithoutsimultaneouslyunderminingoureffortstohaltitsadvanceineurope.beyondpointingoutthesegeneraltruisms,ishallconfinemydiscussiontothegeneralareasofasia.beforeonemayobjectivelyassessthesituationnowexistingthere,hemustcomprehendsomethingofasia'spastandtherevolutionarychangeswhichhavemarkedhercourseuptothepresent.longexploitedbytheso-calledcolonialpowers,withlittleopportunitytoachieveanydegreeofsocialjustice,individualdignity,orahigherstandardoflifesuchasguidedourownnobleadministrationinthephilippines,thepeoplesofasiafoundtheiropportunityinthewarjustpasttothrowofftheshacklesofcolonialismandnowseethedawnofnewopportunity,aheretoforeunfeltdignity,andtheself-respectofpoliticalfreedom.musteringhalfoftheearth'spopulation,and60percentofitsnaturalresourcesthesepeoplesarerapidlyconsolidatinganewforce,bothmoralandmaterial,withwhichtoraisethelivingstandardanderectadaptationsofthedesignofmodernprogresstotheirowndistinctculturalenvironments.whetheroneadherestotheconceptofcolonizationornot,thisisthedirectionofasianprogressanditmaynotbestopped.itisacorollarytotheshiftoftheworldeconomicfrontiersasthewholeepicenterofworldaffairsrotatesbacktowardtheareawhenceitstarted.inthissituation,itbecomesvitalthatourowncountryorientitspoliciesinconsonancewiththisbasicevolutionaryconditionratherthanpursueacourseblindtotherealitythatthecolonialeraisnowpastandtheasianpeoplescovettherighttoshapetheirownfreedestiny.whattheyseeknowisfriendlyguidance,understanding,andsupport--notimperiousdirection--thedignityofequalityandnottheshameofsubjugation.theirpre-warstandardoflife,pitifullylow,isinfinitelylowernowinthedevastationleftinwar'swake.worldideologiesplaylittlepartinasianthinkingandarelittleunderstood.whatthepeoplesstriveforistheopportunityforalittlemorefoodintheirstomachs,alittlebetterclothingontheirbacks,alittlefirmerroofovertheirheads,andtherealizationofthenormalnationalisturgeforpoliticalfreedom.thesepolitical-socialconditionshavebutanindirectbearinguponourownnationalsecurity,butdoformabackdroptocontemporaryplanningwhichmustbethoughtfullyconsideredifwearetoavoidthepitfallsofunrealism.ofmoredirectandimmediatelybearinguponournationalsecurityarethechangeswroughtinthestrategicpotentialofthepacificoceaninthecourseofthepastwar.priortheretothewesternstrategicfrontieroftheunitedstateslayontheliterallineoftheamericas,withanexposedislandsalientextendingoutthroughhawaii,midway,andguamtothephilippines.thatsalientprovednotanoutpostofstrengthbutanavenueofweaknessalongwhichtheenemycouldanddidattack.thepacificwasapotentialareaofadvanceforanypredatoryforceintentuponstrikingattheborderinglandareas.allthiswaschangedbyourpacificvictory.ourstrategicfrontierthenshiftedtoembracetheentirepacificocean,whichbecameavastmoattoprotectusaslongasweheldit.indeed,itactsasaprotectiveshieldforalloftheamericasandallfreelandsofthepacificoceanarea.wecontrolittotheshoresofasiabyachainofislandsextendinginanarcfromthealeutianstothemariannasheldbyusandourfreeallies.fromthisislandchainwecandominatewithseaandairpowereveryasiaticportfromvladivostoktosingapore--withseaandairpowereveryport,asisaid,fromvladivostoktosingapore--andpreventanyhostilemovementintothepacific.anypredatoryattackfromasiamustbeanamphibiouseffort.*noamphibiousforcecanbesuccessfulwithoutcontrolofthesealanesandtheairoverthoselanesinitsavenueofadvance.withnavalandairsupremacyandmodestgroundelementstodefendbases,anymajorattackfromcontinentalasiatowardusorourfriendsinthepacificwouldbedoomedtofailure.undersuchconditions,thepacificnolongerrepresentsmenacingavenuesofapproachforaprospectiveinvader.itassumes,instead,thefriendlyaspectofapeacefullake.ourlineofdefenseisanaturaloneandcanbemaintainedwithaminimumofmilitaryeffortandexpense.itenvisionsnoattackagainstanyone,nordoesitprovidethebastionsessentialforoffensiveoperations,butproperlymaintained,wouldbeaninvincibledefenseagainstaggression.theholdingofthisliteraldefenselineinthewesternpacificisentirelydependentuponholdingallsegmentsthereof;foranymajorbreachofthatlinebyanunfriendlypowerwouldrendervulnerabletodeterminedattackeveryothermajorsegment.thisisamilitaryestimateastowhichihaveyettofindamilitaryleaderwhowilltakeexception.forthatreason,ihavestronglyrecommendedinthepast,asamatterofmilitaryurgency,thatundernocircumstancesmustformosafallundercommunistcontrol.suchaneventualitywouldatoncethreatenthefreedomofthephilippinesandthelossofjapanandmightwellforceourwesternfrontierbacktothecoastofcalifornia,oregonandwashington.tounderstandthechangeswhichnowappearuponthechinesemainland,onemustunderstandthechangesinchinesecharacterandcultureoverthepast50years.china,upto50yearsago,wascompletelynon-homogenous,beingcompartmentedintogroupsdividedagainsteachother.thewar-makingtendencywasalmostnon-existent,astheystillfollowedthetenetsoftheconfucianidealofpacifistculture.attheturnofthecentury,undertheregimeofchangtsolin,effortstowardgreaterhomogeneityproducedthestartofanationalisturge.thiswasfurtherandmoresuccessfullydevelopedundertheleadershipofchiangkai-shek,buthasbeenbroughttoitsgreatestfruitionunderthepresentregimetothepointthatithasnowtakenonthecharacterofaunitednationalismofincreasinglydominant,aggressivetendencies.throughthesepast50yearsthechinesepeoplehavethusbecomemilitarizedintheirconceptsandintheirideals.theynowconstituteexcellentsoldiers,withcompetentstaffsandcommanders.thishasproducedanewanddominantpowerinasia,which,foritsownpurposes,isalliedwithsovietrussiabutwhichinitsownconceptsandmethodshasbecomeaggressivelyimperialistic,withalustforexpansionandincreasedpowernormaltothistypeofimperialism.thereislittleoftheideologicalconcepteitheronewayoranotherinthechinesemake-up.thestandardoflivingissolowandthecapitalaccumulationhasbeensothoroughlydissipatedbywarthatthemassesaredesperateandeagertofollowanyleadershipwhichseemstopromisethealleviationoflocalstringencies.ihavefromthebeginningbelievedthatthechinesecommunists'supportofthenorthkoreanswasthedominantone.theirinterestsare,atpresent,parallelwiththoseofthesoviet.butibelievethattheaggressivenessrecentlydisplayednotonlyinkoreabutalsoinindo-chinaandtibetandpointingpotentiallytowardthesouthreflectspredominantlythesamelustfortheexpansionofpowerwhichhasanimatedeverywould-beconquerorsincethebeginningoftime.thejapanesepeople,sincethewar,haveundergonethegreatestreformationrecordedinmodernhistory.withacommendablewill,eagernesstolearn,andmarkedcapacitytounderstand,theyhave,fromtheashesleftinwar'swake,erectedinjapananedificededicatedtothesupremacyofindividuallibertyandpersonaldignity;andintheensuingprocesstherehasbeencreatedatrulyrepresentativegovernmentcommittedtotheadvanceofpoliticalmorality,freedomofeconomicenterprise,andsocialjustice.politically,economically,andsociallyjapanisnowabreastofmanyfreenationsoftheearthandwillnotagainfailtheuniversaltrust.thatitmaybecountedupontowieldaprofoundlybeneficialinfluenceoverthecourseofeventsinasiaisattestedbythemagnificentmannerinwhichthejapanesepeoplehavemettherecentchallengeofwar,unrest,andconfusionsurroundingthemfromtheoutsideandcheckedcommunismwithintheirownfrontierswithouttheslightestslackeningintheirforwardprogress.isentallfourofouroccupationdivisionstothekoreanbattlefrontwithouttheslightestqualmsastotheeffectoftheresultingpowervacuumuponjapan.theresultsfullyjustifiedmyfaith.iknowofnonationmoreserene,orderly,andindustrious,norinwhichhigherhopescanbeentertainedforfutureconstructiveserviceintheadvanceofthehumanrace.ofourformerward,thephilippines,wecanlookforwardinconfidencethattheexistingunrestwillbecorrectedandastrongandhealthynationwillgrowinthelongeraftermathofwar'sterribledestructiveness.wemustbepatientandunderstandingandneverfailthem--asinourhourofneed,theydidnotfailus.achristiannation,thephilippinesstandasamightybulwarkofchristianityinthefareast,anditscapacityforhighmoralleadershipinasiaisunlimited.onformosa,thegovernmentoftherepublicofchinahashadtheopportunitytorefutebyactionmuchofthemaliciousgossipwhichsounderminedthestrengthofitsleadershiponthechinesemainland.theformosanpeoplearereceivingajustandenlightenedadministrationwithmajorityrepresentationontheorgansofgovernment,andpolitically,economically,andsociallytheyappeartobeadvancingalongsoundandconstructivelines.withthisbriefinsightintothesurroundingareas,inowturntothekoreanconflict.whileiwasnotconsultedpriortothepresident'sdecisiontointerveneinsupportoftherepublicofkorea,thatdecisionfromamilitarystandpoint,provedasoundone,aswehurledbacktheinvaderanddecimatedhisforces.ourvictorywascomplete,andourobjectiveswithinreach,whenredchinaintervenedwithnumericallysuperiorgroundforces.thiscreatedanewwarandanentirelynewsituation,asituationnotcontemplatedwhenourforceswerecommittedagainstthenorthkoreaninvaders;asituationwhichcalledfornewdecisionsinthediplomaticspheretopermittherealisticadjustmentofmilitarystrategy.suchdecisionshavenotbeenforthcoming.whilenomaninhisrightmindwouldadvocatesendingourgroundforcesintocontinentalchina,andsuchwasnevergivenathought,thenewsituationdidurgentlydemandadrasticrevisionofstrategicplanningifourpoliticalaimwastodefeatthisnewenemyaswehaddefeatedtheold.apartfromthemilitaryneed,asisawit,toneutralizethesanctuaryprotectiongiventheenemynorthoftheyalu,ifeltthatmilitarynecessityintheconductofthewarmadenecessary:firsttheintensificationofoureconomicblockadeagainstchina;twotheimpositionofanavalblockadeagainstthechinacoast;threeremovalofrestrictionsonairreconnaissanceofchina'scoastalareasandofmanchuria;fourremovalofrestrictionsontheforcesoftherepublicofchinaonformosa,withlogisticalsupporttocontributetotheireffectiveoperationsagainstthecommonenemy.forentertainingtheseviews,allprofessionallydesignedtosupportourforcescommittedtokoreaandbringhostilitiestoanendwiththeleastpossibledelayandatasavingofcountlessamericanandalliedlives,ihavebeenseverelycriticizedinlaycircles,principallyabroad,despitemyunderstandingthatfromamilitarystandpointtheaboveviewshavebeenfullysharedinthepastbypracticallyeverymilitaryleaderconcernedwiththekoreancampaign,includingourownjointchiefsofstaff.icalledforreinforcementsbutwasinformedthatreinforcementswerenotavailable.imadeclearthatifnotpermittedtodestroytheenemybuilt-upbasesnorthoftheyalu,ifnotpermittedtoutilizethefriendlychineseforceofsome600,000menonformosa,ifnotpermittedtoblockadethechinacoasttopreventthechineseredsfromgettingsuccorfromwithout,andifthereweretobenohopeofmajorreinforcements,thepositionofthecommandfromthemilitarystandpointforbadevictory.wecouldholdinkoreabyconstantmaneuverandinanapproximateareawhereoursupplylineadvantageswereinbalancewiththesupplylinedisadvantagesoftheenemy,butwecouldhopeatbestforonlyanindecisivecampaignwithitsterribleandconstantattritionuponourforcesiftheenemyutilizeditsfullmilitarypotential.ihaveconstantlycalledforthenewpoliticaldecisionsessentialtoasolution.effortshavebeenmadetodistortmyposition.ithasbeensaid,ineffect,thatiwasawarmonger.nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.iknowwarasfewothermennowlivingknowit,andnothingtomeismorerevolting.ihavelongadvocateditscompleteabolition,asitsverydestructivenessonbothfriendandfoehasrenderedituselessasameansofsettlinginternationaldisputes.indeed,ontheseconddayofseptember,nineteenhundredandforty-five,justfollowingthesurrenderofthejapanesenationonthebattleshipmissouri,iformallycautionedasfollows:"mensincethebeginningoftimehavesoughtpeace.variousmethodsthroughtheageshavebeenattemptedtodeviseaninternationalprocesstopreventorsettledisputesbetweennations.fromtheverystartworkablemethodswerefoundinsofarasindividualcitizenswereconcerned,butthemechanicsofaninstrumentalityoflargerinternationalscopehaveneverbeensuccessful.militaryalliances,balancesofpower,leaguesofnations,allinturnfailed,leavingtheonlypathtobebywayofthecrucibleofwar.theutterdestructivenessofwarnowblocksoutthisalternative.wehavehadourlastchance.ifwewillnotdevisesomegreaterandmoreequitablesystem,armageddonwillbeatourdoor.theproblembasicallyistheologicalandinvolvesaspiritualrecrudescenceandimprovementofhumancharacterthatwillsynchronizewithouralmostmatchlessadvancesinscience,art,literature,andallmaterialandculturaldevelopmentsofthepast2000years.itmustbeofthespiritifwearetosavetheflesh."butoncewarisforceduponus,thereisnootheralternativethantoapplyeveryavailablemeanstobringittoaswiftend.war'sveryobjectisvictory,notprolongedindecision.inwarthereisnosubstituteforvictory.therearesomewho,forvaryingreasons,wouldappeaseredchina.theyareblindtohistory'sclearlesson,forhistoryteacheswithunmistakableemphasisthatappeasementbutbegetsnewandbloodierwar.itpointstonosingleinstancewherethisendhasjustifiedthatmeans,whereappeasementhasledtomorethanashampeace.likeblackmail,itlaysthebasisfornewandsuccessivelygreaterdemandsuntil,asinblackmail,violencebecomestheonlyotheralternative."why,"mysoldiersaskedofme,"surrendermilitaryadvantagestoanenemyinthefield?"icouldnotanswer.somemaysay:toavoidspreadoftheconflictintoanall-outwarwithchina;others,toavoidsovietintervention.neitherexplanationseemsvalid,forchinaisalreadyengagingwiththemaximumpoweritcancommit,andthesovietwillnotnecessarilymeshitsactionswithourmoves.likeacobra,anynewenemywillmorelikelystrikewheneveritfeelsthattherelativityinmilitaryorotherpotentialisinitsfavoronaworld-widebasis.thetragedyofkoreaisfurtherheightenedbythefactthatitsmilitaryactionisconfinedtoitsterritoriallimits.itcondemnsthatnation,whichitisourpurposetosave,tosufferthedevastatingimpactoffullnavalandairbombardmentwhiletheenemy'ssanctuariesarefullyprotectedfromsuchattackanddevastation.ofthenationsoftheworld,koreaalone,uptonow,isthesoleonewhichhasriskeditsallagainstcommunism.themagnificenceofthecourageandfortitudeofthekoreanpeopledefiesdescription.theyhavechosentoriskdeathratherthanslavery.theirlastwordstomewere:"don'tscuttlethepacific!"ihavejustleftyourfightingsonsinkorea.theyhavemetallteststhere,andicanreporttoyouwithoutreservationthattheyaresplendidineveryway.itwasmyconstantefforttopreservethemandendthissavageconflicthonorablyandwiththeleastlossoftimeandaminimumsacrificeoflife.itsgrowingbloodshedhascausedmethedeepestanguishandanxiety.thosegallantmenwillremainofteninmythoughtsandinmyprayersalways.iamclosingmy52yearsofmilitaryservice.whenijoinedthearmy,evenbeforetheturnofthecentury,itwasthefulfillmentofallofmyboyishhopesanddreams.theworldhasturnedovermanytimessinceitooktheoathontheplainatwestpoint,andthehopesanddreamshavelongsincevanished,butistillremembertherefrainofoneofthemostpopularbarrackballadsofthatdaywhichproclaimedmostproudlythat"oldsoldiersneverdie;theyjustfadeaway."andliketheoldsoldierofthatballad,inowclosemymilitarycareerandjustfadeaway,anoldsoldierwhotriedtodohisdutyasgodgavehimthelighttoseethatduty.goodbye.
